Effectiveness Of Infection Control And Sterilization Protocols In Preventing Cross-Contamination In Dental Clinics: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background:
Dental clinics are high-risk environments for infection transmission due to frequent exposure to saliva, blood, aerosols, and contaminated instruments. Effective infection-control and sterilisation protocols are essential to prevent cross-contamination among patients and dental staff.

Aim:
This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of infection-control and sterilisation protocols in reducing cross-contamination within dental clinics and laboratories.

Methods:
Following PRISMA (2020) guidelines, an extensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Embase databases for studies published between 2010 and 2025. Inclusion criteria comprised empirical studies investigating sterilisation, disinfection, or infection-control interventions in dental settings. Data were extracted, quality-appraised using JBI and CASP tools, and synthesised narratively under key thematic areas.

Results:
Thirty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence consistently showed that combined interventions—autoclave validation, waterline disinfection, PPE use, aerosol reduction, and impression sterilisation—significantly decreased microbial load and cross-contamination incidents. However, compliance varied across facilities, with private clinics showing lower adherence due to cost, workload, and limited training. Structured training and continuous audits improved compliance by up to 30%.

Conclusion:
Infection prevention in dentistry requires a multidisciplinary approach supported by leadership, continuous training, and digital monitoring systems. Aligning practices with CDC, WHO, and Saudi MOH standards ensures sustainable infection control and patient safety.