Clinical, Nutritional, And Management Characteristics Of Diabetes Mellitus Patients In Sudan

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, action, or both. The disease poses a significant global health burden with increasing prevalence, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the sociodemographic profile, clinical characteristics, management practices, nutritional habits, and physical activity patterns among diabetic patients. It also sought to identify factors affecting glycemic control and overall disease management. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 diabetic patients attending outpatient clinics. Data were collected via structured questionnaires on demographics, disease history, medication adherence, dietary habits, physical activity, and supplement use. Laboratory tests assessed fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profiles. Results: Type 2 diabetes predominated (80%), with most patients aged 41–70 years. Family history of diabetes was common (70%), and the majority had lived with the disease for over six years. Medication adherence was high (91%), yet only 34% achieved good glycemic control, while 52% had moderate and 14% poor control. Most participants regularly consumed fruits (98%), vegetables, lean meats, and low-fat dairy, though frequent consumption of sugary drinks (soft drinks 32%, sweets 87%) persisted. Physical activity was reported by 64%, primarily walking, but 36% cited barriers including lack of time and facilities. Supplement use was moderate (53%), mainly vitamin B12 and multivitamins. Comorbidities such as hypertension (94.5% post-diagnosis) and neuropathy (91.7%) were prevalent, and local herbal remedies were widely used (68%). Lipid profiles revealed elevated LDL in 43% and abnormal triglycerides in 27%. Nutritional knowledge and awareness of diabetes symptoms were moderate (77.3% correct responses), highlighting gaps in patient education.

Conclusion: Diabetes management in this population is challenged by suboptimal glycemic control despite high medication adherence, influenced by dietary patterns, physical activity limitations, comorbid conditions, and cultural practices. Integrated, culturally sensitive interventions focusing on lifestyle modification, education, and access to care are critical to improving health outcomes and reducing complications