The Periodontal–Systemic Axis: Why Oral Health Belongs in Mainstream Medical Practice A Narrative Review for Interprofessional Practice

Abstract

Periodontitis, one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases worldwide, is increasingly recognized as more than a localized oral condition. A growing body of evidence links periodontal inflammation to systemic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and respiratory infection, through shared mechanisms such as microbial translocation, chronic low-grade inflammation, and immune dysregulation. This review synthesizes current literature on the biological pathways connecting periodontal and systemic health and examines the clinical implications for both dental and medical practitioners. Closer integration between dentistry and general medicine, achieved through shared risk-factor screening, bidirectional referral pathways, and interprofessional education, may improve outcomes for patients with chronic disease and should be considered a public health priority.